Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) is a non-contact automatic identification technology that uses radio frequency communication to identify and track objects. RFID tags are compact, have large storage capacity, long lifespan, and can be reused. They support fast reading and writing, non-visual recognition, mobile scanning, multi-target identification, positioning, and long-term tracking. When combined with technologies like the Internet and communication systems, RFID enables global tracking and seamless information sharing.
ISO/IEC is one of the most influential standardization bodies in the field of information technology. It recognizes RFID as an effective tool for automatic identification and data collection. The development of RFID standards should not only focus on single product identification in logistics and supply chains but also consider applications such as electronic tickets, anti-counterfeiting, animal management, food and medical management, fixed asset management, and more. Based on this, ISO/IEC JTC1 established SC31 to develop common technical standards for RFID, while other specialized committees handle application-specific standards. For example, ISO TC104 SC4 focuses on container RFID standards, and ISO TC23 SC19 addresses animal management. Joint working groups between ISO TC122 and TC104 have developed logistics and supply chain standards. Standards are drafted by experts or organizations and go through a rigorous review process before final approval.
The general RFID technical standards can be divided into two main categories: data collection and information sharing. Data collection standards cover tags, readers, and applications, forming a simple system composed of a local reader. These standards are part of a larger system, as illustrated in Figure 1. Information sharing standards facilitate communication between RFID systems, such as software architecture standards.
Figure 1 shows the hierarchical structure of RFID standards. On the left is the basic RFID standard, while the right side includes auxiliary power and sensor functions, introduced in 2006. At the bottom is the tag identification coding standard ISO/IEC 15963, followed by air interface protocols like ISO/IEC 18000 series, data transmission protocols such as ISO/IEC 15962 and ISO/IEC 24753, and finally the API standard ISO/IEC 15961. Standards related to auxiliary power and sensors include the air interface protocol, ISO/IEC 24753, and IEEE 1451.
Data content standards define how data is represented within the tag, reader, and host (such as middleware or application). Due to the limited capabilities of tags, each link must adapt its data representation accordingly. The host can access the tag independently of the reader and air interface protocol, making them transparent to the application. The RFID data protocol's application interface is based on ASN.1, offering a language-independent command structure.
ISO/IEC 15961 defines the interface between the reader and the application, enabling standardized command exchanges for data retrieval, modification, and deletion. It also includes error response messages. ISO/IEC 15962 outlines data encoding, compression, and logical memory mapping, ensuring meaningful data translation from tags to applications. ISO/IEC 24753 extends these capabilities for tags with auxiliary power and sensors, including battery monitoring and sensor processing. This allows ISO/IEC 15961 to operate independently of tags and air interface protocols.
ISO/IEC 15963 specifies the unique identification coding standard for RFID tags, compatible with multiple existing systems like EAN.UCC and ISO/IEC 7816-6. Unlike item codes, which refer to the attached item, this standard identifies the tag itself.
Air interface communication protocols regulate interaction between readers and tags, aiming to ensure compatibility across manufacturers. ISO/IEC has developed standards for five frequency bands due to differences in speed, range, and environment. Each frequency band has its own set of standards, reflecting a balance between universal needs and specific applications.
ISO/IEC 18000-1 sets the reference structure and parameters for RFID, avoiding repetition across frequency-specific standards. ISO/IEC 18000-2 covers low-frequency bands (125–134 kHz), specifying physical interfaces, communication types, and anti-collision methods. ISO/IEC 18000-3 supports high-frequency (13.56 MHz) with two anti-collision modes. ISO/IEC 18000-4 applies to microwave frequencies (2.45 GHz), featuring passive and active tags. ISO/IEC 18000-6 targets ultra-high frequencies (860–960 MHz), supporting Type A, B, and C tags with improved performance and security. ISO/IEC 18000-7 is for active tags at 433.92 MHz, ideal for tracking large fixed assets.
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