Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) is a non-contact automatic identification technology that uses radio frequency communication to identify and track objects. RFID tags are compact, have large storage capacity, long lifespan, and can be reused. They support fast reading and writing, non-visual recognition, mobile identification, multi-target recognition, location tracking, and long-term management. When combined with the Internet and communication technologies, RFID enables global tracking and seamless information sharing.
ISO/IEC is one of the most influential standardization bodies in the field of information technology. It recognizes RFID as an effective tool for automatic identification and data collection. The development of RFID standards should not only focus on product identification in logistics and supply chains but also consider other areas such as electronic tickets, anti-counterfeiting, animal management, food and medical management, fixed asset tracking, and more. Based on this, the ISO/IEC Joint Technical Committee JTC tasked the SC31 Subcommittee with developing common technical standards for all RFID applications, aiming to define shared attributes across different use cases. Other specialized committees were assigned specific application domains, such as ISO TC104 SC4 for container RFID standards and ISO TC23 SC19 for animal management. Additionally, joint working groups like those from ISO TC122 and TC104 developed logistics and supply chain standards. Drafts may come from enterprises or experts and go through rigorous review processes before final approval. All current draft standards are available on the official ISO website.
The general RFID technical standards from ISO/IEC are divided into two main categories: data collection and information sharing. Data collection standards cover tags, readers, and applications, forming a basic system that operates independently. These standards are part of a larger system, as illustrated in Figure 1. Information sharing standards, on the other hand, ensure interoperability between RFID systems, including software architecture guidelines.
Figure 1 shows the hierarchical structure of the RFID standard system. The left side represents the basic RFID standard, while the right side includes additional functions like auxiliary power and sensors, introduced in 2006. At the bottom of the hierarchy is the tag identification coding standard ISO/IEC 15963, followed by air interface protocols like the ISO/IEC 18000 series, data transmission protocols such as ISO/IEC 15962 and ISO/IEC 24753, and finally the API standard ISO/IEC 15961. Standards related to auxiliary power and sensors include the air interface protocol, data transmission protocol, and IEEE 1451.
Data content standards define how data is represented in various parts of the RFID system, including tags, readers, and host systems. Due to the limited capabilities of RFID tags, data representation must adapt to their constraints. Host systems can access tags independently of the reader and air interface protocol, making the reader and protocol transparent to the application. The RFID data protocol interface is based on ASN.1, providing a language-independent command structure for applications.
ISO/IEC 15961 defines the interface between the reader and the application, specifying how commands are used to exchange data with the data protocol processor. This allows applications to read, write, modify, and delete tag data. The protocol also includes error response messages.
ISO/IEC 15962 outlines the encoding, compression, and logical memory mapping of data, ensuring that data stored in tags is meaningful to applications. It provides data compression mechanisms optimized for limited tag memory and communication capabilities.
ISO/IEC 24753 extends these capabilities for tags with auxiliary power and sensor functions. It introduces features such as battery monitoring, sensor configuration, and data processing. This standard, along with ISO/IEC 15962, ensures that ISO/IEC 15961 remains independent of tag type and air interface protocols.
ISO/IEC 15963 establishes a unique identification coding standard for RFID tags, compatible with existing systems like ISO/IEC 7816-6, EAN.UCC, and others. Unlike item codes, which identify the object attached to the tag, this standard identifies the tag itself.
Air interface communication protocols regulate the interaction between readers and tags, enabling compatibility across manufacturers. ISO/IEC has developed standards for five frequency bands, each tailored to different performance needs such as reading speed, distance, and environment. This approach ensures broader applicability without over-specifying for every scenario.
ISO/IEC 18000-1 sets the reference structure and standardized parameters for RFID systems, defining communication rules and intellectual property considerations. This reduces redundancy across frequency-specific standards.
ISO/IEC 18000-2 covers low-frequency tags (125–134 kHz), specifying physical interfaces, communication modes, and anti-collision protocols for both passive and active tags.
ISO/IEC 18000-3 focuses on high-frequency tags (13.56 MHz), outlining physical interfaces, protocols, and anti-collision methods. It includes two main modes, with mode 1 offering extended protocols suitable for large tag populations.
ISO/IEC 18000-4 targets microwave frequencies (2.45 GHz), supporting both passive and active tags. Mode 1 involves passive tags responding to the reader, while mode 2 allows active tags to initiate communication.
ISO/IEC 18000-6 addresses ultra-high frequency (860–960 MHz) tags, including Type A, B, and C protocols. Type C, developed by EPCglobal, improves speed, data capacity, security, and interference resistance. It also supports tags with auxiliary power and sensors.
ISO/IEC 18000-7 is designed for active tags operating at 433.92 MHz, suitable for tracking large fixed assets due to its long reading range and reliable communication.
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