The central processing unit is a very large-scale integrated circuit. It is the computing core and control core of a computer. Its function is mainly to explain computer instructions and process data in computer software.
It mainly consists of an arithmetic unit and a cache and a bus that implements the data, control, and state of the connection between them. It is combined with internal memory and input/output devices as the three core components of an electronic computer.
At present, the high-end products of embedded processors are: ARM from Advanced RISC Machines, MIPS from Silicon Graphics, Power PC from IBM and Motorola, X86 and i960 chips from Intel, Am386EM from AMD, and SH RISC chips from Hitachi;
The handheld processor has six types of processors: Intel's PXA series processor, MIPS processor, StrongARM series processor, Hitachi SH3 processor, Motorola Dragon Ball series processor and Texas Instruments OMAP series processor.
The difference between a microprocessor and a microcontrollerThe difference between a microprocessor and a microcontroller is mainly concentrated in three aspects: hardware structure, application domain, and instruction set features:
First, the hardware structure.
The microprocessor is a single-chip CPU, and the microcontroller integrates the CPU and other circuits in an integrated circuit chip to form a complete microcomputer system.
In addition to the CPU, the microcontroller also includes RAM, ROM, a serial interface, a parallel interface, timers and interrupt scheduling circuitry. Although the capacity of the on-chip RAM is smaller than that of a conventional microcomputer system, this does not limit the use of the microcontroller.
As you will see later, microcontrollers are used in a wide range of applications. Among them, an important feature of the microcontroller is the built-in interrupt system. As a control-oriented device, microcontrollers often respond to external stimuli in real time.
Second, the field of application.
Microprocessors are often used as CPUs in microcomputer systems, and their design is aimed at such applications, which is the advantage of microprocessors.
However, microcontrollers are often used for control-oriented applications, and system design pursues miniaturization, minimizing component count. In the past, these applications typically required tens or even hundreds of digital integrated circuits.
The use of a microcontroller can reduce the number of components used, and a single microcontroller, a small number of external components, and a control program stored in the ROM can achieve the same function.
Microcontrollers are suitable for applications where input/output devices are controlled with very few components, while microprocessors are suitable for use in computer systems for information processing.
Third, the instruction set features.
The instruction set for microcontrollers and microprocessors varies from application to application.
The microprocessor's instruction set enhances processing power, giving it a powerful addressing mode and instructions for manipulating large-scale data. Microprocessor instructions can operate on nibbles, bytes, words, or even double words.
By using address pointers and address offsets, the microprocessor provides an addressing mode that can access large amounts of data. The auto increment and decrement modes make it very easy to access data in bytes, words or double words. In addition, the microprocessor has other features, such as the inability to use privileged instructions in the user program.
The microcontroller's instruction set is suitable for input/output control.
Many input/output interfaces are single/bit. For example, an electromagnet controls the switch of the motor, and the electromagnet is controlled by a 1-bit output port.
The microcontroller has instructions for setting and clearing units, and can perform other bit-oriented operations, such as logical AND, or XOR operations on "bits", jumps based on flag bits, and so on.
Few microprocessors have these powerful bit manipulation capabilities because designers only consider operating data in bytes or larger when designing a microprocessor.
DSP chip classification and characteristicsThe CPU in the digital signal processor is specifically designed for extremely fast discrete-time signal processing calculations, such as those where audio and video communication is required.
It is especially suitable for microprocessors that perform digital signal processing operations. Its main application is to implement various digital signal processing algorithms in real time and quickly. According to the requirements of digital signal processing, DSP chips generally have the following main features:
One multiplication and one addition can be completed in one instruction cycle;
The program and data space are separated, and the instructions and data can be accessed simultaneously;
On-chip with fast RAM, usually accessed simultaneously in two blocks via a separate data bus;
Hardware support with low overhead or no overhead loops and jumps;
Fast interrupt handling and hardware I/O support;
Having multiple hardware address generators operating in a single cycle;
Multiple operations can be performed in parallel;
Pipeline operations are supported so that operations such as fetch, decode, and execute can be performed in an overlapping manner.
Of course, compared with the general-purpose microprocessor, the other common functions of the DSP chip are relatively weak. The internal processing of the DSP chip is a Harvard structure with separate programs and data;
With a dedicated hardware multiplier, extensive pipeline operation, special DSP instructions can be used to quickly implement various digital signal processing algorithms. DSP chips can be classified in the following three ways.
1. According to the basic characteristics
This is categorized according to the operating clock and instruction type of the DSP chip.
If the DSP chip can work normally at any clock frequency within a certain clock frequency range, there is no performance degradation except for the change of the calculation speed. Such DSP chips are generally called static DSP chips.
If there are two or more DSP chips, their instruction set and the corresponding machine code machine pin structure are compatible with each other, then such DSP chip is called a consistent DSP chip. For example, TI's TMS320C54X belongs to this category.
2. By data format
This is categorized according to the data format in which the DSP chip works.
The DSP chips that work in fixed-point format are called fixed-point DSP chips, such as TI's TMS320C1X/C2X, TMS320C2XX/C5X, TMS320C54X/C62XX series, Analog Devices' ADSP21XX series, AT&T's DSP16/16A, and Motolora's MC56000.
Floating-point DSP chips, such as TI's TMS320C3X/C4X/C8X, Analog Devices' ADSP21XXX series, AT&T's DSP32/32C, Motolora's MC96002, etc.
The floating point format adopted by different floating point DSP chips is not exactly the same, and some DSP chips adopt a custom floating point format, such as TMS320C3X;
Some DSP chips use the IEEE standard floating point format, such as MC96002 from Motorola, MB86232 from FUJITSU, and ZR35325 from ZORAN.
3. By purpose
According to the purpose of the DSP, it can be divided into a general-purpose DSP chip and a dedicated DSP chip.
The general-purpose DSP chip is suitable for common DSP applications. For example, TI's series of DSP chips belong to general-purpose DSP chips.
Dedicated DSP chips are designed for specific DSP operations and are more suitable for special operations such as digital filtering, convolution and FFT;
For example, DSP56200 from Motorola, ZR34881 from Zoran, and IMSA100 from Inmos are dedicated DSP chips.
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| Inspiron 1120, 1121, M101 | 19.5v 3.34a, 7450 |
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